The First Day In Australia Free Essays

Might want to discuss my first day in Australia in this article. I showed up in Sydney on the third of April 201 3 and it was coming down intensely. Be that as it may, everything looked fascinating to me. We will compose a custom paper test on The First Day In Australia or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Was intending to visit Commonwealth Bank at Martin Place when I ventured out of the plane. When got there, was astounded in light of the fact that the structural style of the structure was rich and collectible, and it felt extremely Western. At that point I met a teller who welcomed me merciful. He made jokes to me. They were interesting jokes, yet around then, I didn't reply. I was remorseful I was unable to express anything to him in English. From that point forward, I left for a hiker inn that is known as a famous spot for outsiders. Shockingly, there were many individuals standing by to Stay in there. In this way, I needed to move another. At long last I found an alternate explorer inn. As I opened the entryway of my room, its melancholic climate overpowered me. Inevitably, I chose to remain just 3 days due to the awkward, new air and in light of the fact that the convenience expense was out of line. In the primary night, I couldn't rest profoundly. Lying in the bed, truly stressed over my life in Australia. Being uncertain about my future made me apprehensive. Time has slipped along. Contrasted and the past, numerous things have changed as of late. These days I am attempting to improve my life in Australia continually so as to step forward by examining English and making companions. In the event that I have a chance, I might want to settle in Australia. Step by step instructions to refer to The First Day In Australia, Papers

4) Discuss the differences in Religious Jurisprudence between of Essay

4) Discuss the distinctions in Religious Jurisprudence between of Sunnites and Shiites - Essay Example This has caused in some cases battles among the huge populace of Muslims in the Islamic nations. According to the records accessible, Prophet Muhammad passed on in the year 632 A.D. His demise left a hole for the political authority of the Muslim people group, with respect to progression of the prophet. The discussion over the determination of the replacement left mostly two decisions with the Muslim masses. While one decision was to locate a devout individual who might follow the percepts of Islam and principals spread out by the prophet, other view point was to discover the replacement from the bloodline of the prophet itself. The principal Caliph named as Abu Bakr, who was a nearby partner of the prophet was reported after this discussion. Be that as it may, a portion of the Muslims didn't bolster this choice, in spite of the fact that greater part was in support of its. Prophet Muhammad had a girl named Fatima whose spouse, Ali ibn Abi Talib was extremely dynamic during the lifetime of the prophet. Be that as it may, he didn't have the necessary status to supplant the prophet after his passing. Regardless, a specific order of the Muslims opined that this child in-law of the prophet ought to succeed him. Indeed, even among the adherents of Ali, a few voices bolstered the name of Abu Bakr as replacement. From that point, two Caliphs, Umar and Uthman, who were viewed as authentic progressive Caliphs by most of the Muslims, succeeded Abu Bakr. In any case, the nonconformist voices supporting Ali had not faded away totally and a portion of the Ali’s supporters executed the third Caliph, Uthman in the year 652 A.D.. This brought about the declaration of Ali as the new Caliph......(1) As the contention included previously taken roots inside the Muslim progress, Ali was likewise slaughtered in the year 661 A.D. He had two children Hassan and Hussein who additionally kicked the bucket a few years after the fact in the fight against Sunnis. This turned into the reason for the division of the Islamic religion in two groups. The rate supporting Ali as the Caliph was called Shias and the other greater part supporting the previous Caliphs were

The List List #56

The List List #56 This weeks List List is sponsored by  Biographile. Love true stories about fascinating people? So do the folks at  Biographile, a website dedicated to helping readers discover a rich mix of real lives through author interviews, news updates, reviews, essays, contests, and more. One of their latest QAs is an  exclusive interview  with the hilarious comedian and actor Jim Gaffigan, whose  explosively funny memoir  recounting the joys and horrors of raising five kids (in a two-bedroom apartment) is just out from Crown. _________________________ at CNN, The 10 Best Independent  Bookstores in the US at BuzzFeed, 50 Amazing Tattoos Inspired By  Books at BookPage, 10 Utterly Unforgettable Moms in Recent  Literature at The AV Club, 9 Alternate Universe Takes on  THE GREAT GATSBY at Paste, 10 Life Lessons from  THE GREAT GATSBY at AbeBooks, The 10 Most Expensive Book Sales of April at Gizmodo, Six Beautiful Artifacts from the Dawn of Digital Typography at The Huffington Post, 7 Underappreciated  American Novels at The Contextual Life, New in Paperback for May at BuzzFeed, 20 Swanky Pieces of GREAT GATSBY Swag You Can Buy Online _________________________ Sign up for our newsletter to have the best of Book Riot delivered straight to your inbox every two weeks. No spam. We promise. To keep up with Book Riot on a daily basis, follow us on Twitter or like us on Facebook. So much bookish goodnessall day, every day.

Valence Bond (VB) Theory Definition

Valence bond (VB) theory is a chemical bonding theory that explains the chemical bonding between two atoms. Like molecular orbital (MO) theory, it explains bonding using principles of quantum mechanics. According to valence bond theory, bonding is caused by the overlap of half-filled atomic orbitals. The two atoms share each others unpaired electron to form a filled orbital to form a hybrid orbital and bond together. Sigma and pi bonds are part of valence bond theory. Key Takeaways: Valence Bond (VB) Theory Valence bond theory or VB theory is a theory based on quantum mechanics that explains how chemical bonding works.In valence bond theory, the atomic orbitals of individual atoms are combined to form chemical bonds.The other major theory of chemical bonding is molecular orbital theory or MO theory. Valence bond theory is used to explain how covalent chemical bonds form between several molecules. Theory Valence bond theory predicts covalent bond formation between atoms when they have half-filled valence atomic orbitals, each containing a single unpaired electron. These atomic orbitals overlap, so electrons have the highest probability of being within the bond region. Both atoms then share the single unpaired electrons to form weakly coupled orbitals. The two atomic orbitals do not need to be the same as each other. For example, sigma and pi bonds may overlap. Sigma bonds form when the two shared electrons have orbitals that overlap head-to-head. In contrast, pi bonds form when the orbitals overlap but are parallel to each other. This diagram depicts a sigma bond between two atoms. The red area represents localized electron density. ZooFari  /  Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license Sigma bonds form between electrons of two s-orbitals because the orbital shape is spherical. Single bonds contain one sigma bond. Double bonds contain a sigma bond and a pi bond. Triple bonds contain a sigma bond and two pi bonds. When chemical bonds form between atoms, the atomic orbitals may be hybrids of sigma and pi bonds. The theory helps explain bond formation in cases where a Lewis structure cant describe real behavior. In this case, several valence bond structures may be used to describe a single Lewis stricture. History Valence bond theory draws from Lewis structures. G.N. Lewis proposed these structures in 1916, based on the idea that two shared bonding electrons formed chemical bonds. Quantum mechanics was applied to describe bonding properties in the Heitler-London theory of 1927. This theory described chemical bond formation between hydrogen atoms in the H2 molecule using Schrà ¶dingers wave equation to merge the wavefunctions of the two hydrogen atoms. In 1928, Linus Pauling combined Lewiss pair bonding idea with the Heitler-London theory to propose valence bond theory. Valence bond theory was developed to describe resonance and orbital hybridization. In 1931, Pauling published a paper on valence bond theory entitled, On the Nature of the Chemical Bond. The first computer programs used to describe chemical bonding used molecular orbital theory, but since the 1980s, principles of valence bond theory have become programmable. Today, the modern versions of these theories are competitive with each other in terms of accurately describing real behavior. Uses Valence bond theory can often explain how covalent bonds form. The diatomic fluorine molecule, F2, is an example. Fluorine atoms form single covalent bonds with each other. The F-F bond results from overlapping pz orbitals, which each contain a single unpaired electron. A similar situation occurs in hydrogen, H2, but the bond lengths and strength are different between H2 and F2 molecules. A covalent bond forms between hydrogen and fluorine in hydrofluoric acid, HF. This bond forms from the overlap of the hydrogen 1s orbital and the fluorine 2pz orbital, which each have an unpaired electron. In HF, both the hydrogen and fluorine atoms share these electrons in a covalent bond. Sources Cooper, David L.; Gerratt, Joseph; Raimondi, Mario (1986). The electronic structure of the benzene molecule. Nature. 323 (6090): 699. doi:10.1038/323699a0Messmer, Richard P.; Schultz, Peter A. (1987). The electronic structure of the benzene molecule. Nature. 329 (6139): 492. doi:10.1038/329492a0Murrell, J.N.; Kettle, S.F.A.; Tedder, J.M. (1985). The Chemical Bond (2nd ed.). John Wiley Sons. ISBN 0-471-90759-6.Pauling, Linus (1987). Electronic structure of the benzene molecule. Nature. 325 (6103): 396. doi:10.1038/325396d0Shaik, Sason S.; Phillipe C. Hiberty (2008). A Chemists Guide to Valence Bond Theory. New Jersey: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-470-03735-5.

The Salem Witch Trials Essay - 1584 Words

The Salem Witch Trials Throughout our nation s history, Americans have survived times of struggle by remaining strong and brave despite their fears. Disease, natural disasters, and starvation are just a few of the trials our country has faced. While these are certainly dangerous, perhaps the most frightening of all is when you fear those closest to you. This is what happened during the horrific frenzy labeled as the Salem Witch Trials. Nobody truly knows why they occurred, although there are several plausible theories. It all originated in seventeenth century New England, in a tiny place called Salem Village (History.com). In 1629, a small group of people, known as Puritans, journeyed across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World, leaving†¦show more content†¦The fear of the Invisible World was so deeply rooted in the hearts of the Puritans that one of their laws was death to anyone making a pact with the Devil (Meltzer 70). Without doubt or question, the Puritans realized that God was warning them with signs across the land; earthquakes, hurricanes, war, smallpox, and even shooting stars were regarded with awe and fear (Schanzer 15). The Puritans were not the only people afraid, however; all of New England was plagued by problems. The New Englanders faced natural disasters, starvation, and sickness, but their biggest problems were the Indians. After the bloody King Philip s War of 1675-1676, the Native Americans still sought to drive out the white settlers, and continued destroying towns and killing innocent men. Most colonists believed that the Indians were pagan worshippers of the Devil, and Cotton Mather, a Boston minister, wrote, the Devil is engaged in this hellish design of bewitching and ruining our land† (Meltzer 73). The Wabonaki Indians in particular became the Puritans greatest enemy, and, they reasoned, the source of all problems and sin. The Wabonakis felt that the Puritans had intruded on their land, while the Puritans believed that the Wabonakis had no right to it. Fortunately, in 1681, the Wabonakis signed a truce with the white settlers, promising

Case Study †Bowel Cancer Free Essays

Bowel Cancer The bowel is a long tube that is made up of the small bowel, colon and rectum. The bowel absorbs nutrients from food and also processes waste products into faeces to be removed from the body. Bowel Cancer is cancer of the rectum or colon. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study – Bowel Cancer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bowel cancer develops from small raised growths called polyps which are found in the inner lining of the bowel. These polyps can either be non cancerous and harmless (benign) or they can be cancerous (malignant). All polyps should be removed to reduce the risk of these polyps becoming cancerous or spreading the disease further. Most polyps can be removed without surgery with a procedure called a colonoscopy. If these polyps are not removed, they can grow deeper into the bowel and spread into areas close to the area and later can spread to the liver or lungs. Causes Bowel cancer can be hereditary passed down from a before generation but mainly age and lifestyle factors also contribute to the development of bowel cancer. According to the Better Health Channel (BHC)(2011), There is some evidence that having a diet that consists of red meat and drinking alcohol can lead to the cause of bowel cancer. Bowel cancer is more common in people aged 50 years or older. In relation to â€Å"Lou† who is 75, eats red meat from the cattle from his farm and also drinks alcohol, his risk factors for bowel cancer was high. This inability to pass bowel movements showed that he had a very high chance of having bowel cancer. Symptoms * Blood or mucus in the faeces Weakness and paleness * Diarrhoea * Constipation * Finding your faeces are narrower than usual * Feeling that your bowel doesn’t empty completely Prevalence rates According to Bowel Cancer Australia (BCA)(2010), Bowel cancer is the responsible for the second biggest cancer related deaths after lung cancer with 14,234 people being diagnosed with bowel cancer each year and 4047 deaths occurring due to bowel cancer. The older you become the greater t he risk of developing bowel cancer becomes with Cancer Council Australia CCA)(2011), quoting that 1 in 12 Australians develop bowel cancer before the age of 85. Bowel cancer is the most curable cancer and if detected and removed early, the cure rate is 90%, however in most cases; bowel cancer is detected in its later stage and therefore has a 60% cure rate. Table: Age vs Number of cases. Obtained from Australian Institute of Health and Wellfare (2006). Socio-Ecological Model Socio-Ecological Model (SEM) is a framework that recognises the relationship that is present between an individual and its surrounding environment. This model looks at not only at an individual reducing risk and improving health but also looks at the outer environment. These include the public policy, the community, organisations, interpersonal and the individual themselves. People who are diagnosed with bowel cancer can suffer from psychological problems due to the trauma of going through the procedures when diagnosing the cancer (such as colonoscopy) or from during the procedure where the doctor has to perform surgery on the patient. Mainly psychological affects will come from the fear of death and can lead them to withdraw themselves from friends and family leading to the sufferer not being socially active and not having that connection that is needed to get through the mental trauma that can be associated when dealing with bowel cancer. In this case the SEM can be implemented as for a patient that is suffering from psychological problems as they would need good interpersonal relationships (friends and family) and organisational involvement (social institutions) to be there to help the patient deal with their illness as best as possible. As in the case of â€Å"Lou† from the case study, he is moving 50 km away from his home, friends and family and therefore could lead him to feel that he can’t connect with anyone and lead to emotional and social consequences which include depression. Social Services and Programs There are many support groups and services that are available to help a cancer patient when needed. If these are utilised, it can be beneficial in dealing with the emotional and social impacts that come with the disease. These include: * Homecare: This I when a social worker or nurse provides a cancer patient with their basic needs e. g. running errands, preparing meals, medication delivery and can have regular visits from physical therapists. This is a good asset as patients often feel more comfortable in their own home where they can be close to friends and family. This puts a great demand on other people like social workers, nurses and physical therapists to play a major role for home care to be achieved. This is also applied from the (SEM). Social workers: Can either be seen at home from home care or cancer patients can go see social workers. Social workers can offer counselling, counselling for the future, access to support groups and referrals to specialists. This Is good as it can help a cancer patient during and after they have cancer. * Cancer rehabilitation programs: The Cancer Nutrition Rehabilitation Program gives cancer patients information about diet, physical activity, treatment and ot her needs to successfully become rehabilitated. The social worker helps the patient obtain the needs necessary and give them general direction on how to become and maintain a healthy state after cancer. Conclusion Bowel cancer can be successfully treated and cured if early detection is made. This early detection will heighten the chances of survival then if it is found at a later stage. Regular checkups for people over 50 years of age are necessary to ensure that this early detection occurs. While an individual is responsible to obtain a healthy lifestyle, other factors need to be taken into account as outlined from the SEM. If individuals and the surrounding environment are linked together as one then becoming and staying healthy can be achieved. Reference List. 1. Polglase A (2010) Let’s beat bowel cancer. Australian Pharmacist. Vol 29, issue 5, 414-416. Available from, http://ea3se7mz8x. search. serialssolutions. com/? ctx_ver=Z39. 88-2004;ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8;rfr_id=info:sid/summon. serialssolutions. com;rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal;rft. genre=article;rft. atitle=Let%27s+Beat+Bowel+Cancer;rft. jtitle=Australian+P How to cite Case Study – Bowel Cancer, Free Case study samples

HIM Careers - Health Information

Question: Describe about AHIMA.org and search articles regarding AHIMA's Envision of the Future of HIM? Answer: Introduction AHIMA also known as The American Health Information Management Association provides professional and academic support to its community members by offering them professional accreditation services, educational opportunities and professional journals to aid in the process of Health Information Management (HIM). The organizations major strategic element is to provide all significant medical information from electronic health information to paper infrastructure. AHIMA has always been on the move analyzing its strategic elements of innovation and technological advancements (Ahima.org, 2016). AHIMA till date has represented more that 71,000 management professionals in health all over USA and the world. AHIMA has always been keen and committed towards advocating and promoting various researches of the highest quality, effective standards and best practices in health information. It is also actively contributing towards the advancements and developments of health information professional all around the world. Future Envision AHIMAs Building a Work Force for the Future educational perspectives in Information management and Health Informatics targets the development of the health information management profession by bringing efficient changes in the education system for producing future work force. According to Rebecca B. Reynolds, EdD, RHIA, FAHIMA and the associate professor of health informatics and information management the basic need for continuously looking at the competencies and learning outcomes of the student is to ensure that HIM workforce is developing on appropriate levels to meet the most critical industrial needs of the healthcare industry (Ahima.org, 2016). According to a survey conducted by a researcher it was analyzed that HIM competency is the most dominant education along with the most years of experience in the field. Educational programs related to HIM are the most significant aspect in the current environment in which most professionals will work in the future. As per the competenci es of the Global Health Informatics Education US the global curriculum is the most flexible framework which operates across various cultures and develops the competencies related to health management and health environment along with various abilities and skills. The program will significantly need adaptation to the local environment for being most efficient. It can be used as a core competency which will enable to provide the basic foundation for local adaption in every environment. Discussion Conclusion AHIMA has been quite influential in advocating quality research and practices that enables the professionals to be skilled in the field of HIM (Library.ahima.org, 2016). HIM has been the most virtual and future prospect educational field framed out by AHIMA. The organization has taken significant steps and ideas to provide the knowledge infrastructure along with framing envision for the future. The future vision of HIM is to provide quality healthcare, research and practices via quality information with the specific use of technological advancements. The vision of HIM is to conceptualize on the basic needs of the healthcare field by formulating various skilled and able professionals that adapt to the local environment and provide the most efficient service ("Long Term Care Facts. Washington, American Health Care Association", 1978). HIM values the publics right to confidential and accurate personal health information and respond to the policy strategies, research and information that keeps HIM to attain the goals and objectives with the vision of Better Health Information for All. References Ahima.org,. (2016).HIM Careers - Health Information 101. Retrieved 1 March 2016, from https://www.ahima.org/careers/healthinfo Ahima.org,. (2016).HIM Careers - Planning your education. Retrieved 1 March 2016, from https://www.ahima.org/careers/plan Library.ahima.org,. (2016).Search Results. Retrieved 1 March 2016, from https://library.ahima.org/xpedio/idcplg?IdcService=GET_SEARCH_RESULTSQueryText=xPublishSite%3Csubstring%3E%60BoK%60%3Cand%3ExSource%3Ccontains%3E%60AHIMA+Journal%60adhocquery=1urlTemplate=/xpedio/groups/public/documents/web_assets/queryresults.hcspResultCount=25SortField=xPubDateSortOrder=Desc Long Term Care Facts. Washington, American Health Care Association. (1978).Health Care Management Review,3(1), 88. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004010-197824000-00013

Writing Experience Essay Sample free essay sample

Writing is an art but hard procedure for me. Cipher born as a author but he additions the experience to be able to show his ideas to others. My experience in authorship was really minimum. English is non my native linguistic communication and was non emphasized in my high school. English authorship was fundamentally attested of memory for pupils. They give us different subjects and they give us sample composing. We memorize them and one of the subjects would come in the trial. We write merely because we memorized them. Before I come to University of Louisville I went to intensive English Institute at University of Knoxville for one semester. I did several composing including statements. personal essays. and research paper. I besides learned how to construct sentences and paragraphs. The restriction of the English vocabulary made it difficult for me to set my ideas together and clear about certain capable to show it to my audience. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing Experience Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I besides face troubles with grammar. specifically with sentence construction. I am ever confused what type of sentence I should utilize. or how to word and mark a sentence to show the thought I want. I struggle in passages throughout paragraphs and ideas. and give my documents a smoothness that I would wish to. be. Every clip Whenever I get my essay back. the instructor puts circles all over the paper. They keep stating me that I need to remake this the full paragraph or something is non clear and that I need to compose more when I’ve explained everything I could about the subject. Besides. my essays are so short. which is why that I am invariably acquiring low classs for my English categories. I can neer believe of anything to compose about to do the essay longer and it is really frustrating. On the other manus. I was inquiring why there are some pupils that get first-class classs on their essays like it’s nil really easy. I started to look for my failings and strengths in composing and how to better my linguistic communication. To get the bette r of my composing failings accomplishments I had to take more English classs to better my composing accomplishments and larn a batch about the authorship procedure. Writing does non come spontaneously. but is enduring from the minute of outgrowth of thought. and so its agitation in head until we write it to the audience. I besides start reading English newspapers. Nnovels and narratives to garner creditable information to back up what I write and present it to my audience. Cipher doubts that the encephalon is like a sponge. and we are similar mirrors. We reflect back into the universe all that we have taken in. Therefore. I start reading several books in several signifiers from several epochs and different parts written by several writers in order to better my manner of authorship every bit good. Everything I have learned is utile and helpful to steer me to compose my term documents and essays. I think my authorship is still basic. and I have to work harder to heighten my composing ability while I am in the university. to be able to form my ideas to do sense. I besides need to compose term documents and researches to do them understood apprehensible by to the readers. Using the cyberspace is really utile for composing researches as I am ever able to back up my thoughts with adding citations and facts from other beginnings to my documents to convert my audience. Writing research is easier presents because Oof the complete online library in the cyberspace. I can easy seek for any subject and roll up adequate information about it. that aid assist me to show my thoughts to my readers. I ever find it difficult to believe in my native linguistic communication Arabic. and so interpret it to English. Therefore. life in America helped me to understand some parlances which I do non hold them in my native linguistic communication. Using these looks in my composing do the linguistic communication I use more colourful.

God And Human Nature Concepts That Interconnect Religion Essay Example

God And Human Nature Concepts That Interconnect Religion Essay Example God And Human Nature Concepts That Interconnect Religion Essay God And Human Nature Concepts That Interconnect Religion Essay Ralph Waldo Emerson one time said, The creative activity of a 1000 forests is in one acorn. Mankind views the facets of life in a assortment of ways, but those thoughts come from the same heads of all work forces. The thought of God and human nature are constructs that are interconnected and affect all worlds, but how those constructs are interpreted are left to each adult male s ain beliefs. Those of similar heads so fall in together and organize their ain set of values. In the 16th century Puritanism quickly grew in the New World ; nevertheless, a immature Benjamin Franklin strayed from the Puritan faith he was raised, and took on the followers of Deism. Both Franklin and the Puritans had strong beliefs in God and human nature ; nevertheless, these beliefs were really diverse. Franklin viewed God and human nature in a more positive and edifying position, while the Puritans viewed God as condemning and human nature to be inherently evil. However, the Deist position in which Franklin followed deemed that God was a loving and lovingness God that did non penalize his people. Peoples were created in his imagine in the eyes of Deist ; hence, believing that God should non hold to train the people he created. It was believed that immorality did non be in the universe harmonizing to Franklin, and stated that, If He is all powerful, there can be nil either bing or moving in the Universe against or without his Consent ; and what He consents to must be good, because He is good ; hence no evil exist ( Franklin, 6 ) . This position differed greatly from the negative intension in which the Puritans viewed God as holding when affecting world. : Refering the interaction of God in the lives of Franklin and the Puritans, the Bible is another affair in which the two can non associate. In Puritan rule, the Bible is a map to life. They believed that in every experience in life, the Bible relates to all work forces and is a usher to which Christians are to populate in the most righteous manner. This belief is illustrated in the narrative written by Puritan Mary Rowlandson. When Mary Rowlandson was captured by Indians, and made to populate in the most tormenting environment, she was able to transport on through each dismaying event with the aid of the word of God. She described how her religion in God through the books of the Bible and God s ability to supply allowed her to persist. She states in her personal history, I can non but take notice of the fantastic clemency of God to me in those afflictions, in directing me a Bible ( Rowlandson, 5 ) . Franklin, along with all other Deist, did non hold with such devotedness to a book. They did non care for the Bible or happen it holistically sacred, as did the Puritans. In Franklin s autobiography, he describes that the Bible was simply a book of fabrications and that the narratives of Jesus were merely Acts of the Apostless of a good and wise adult male ( Franklin, 6 ) . Deist did non see God as a Christian God ; hence, they did non back up the narratives written in the Christian Bible. Franklin and the Deist followings lived by the virtuousnesss in which they felt were to the benefit of world, non narratives in which they would seek and parallel their lives with like that of the Puritans. Not merely were at that place differing positions and sentiments on the function of God, but Franklin and the Puritans differed on the manner in which human nature played a function in faith and day-to-day life. Deists and Franklin believed that adult male was inherently good-natured, while the Puritans strongly believed that adult male was inherently iniquitous and of bad nature. In Deist belief, it was thought that all work forces were continuously working to be better people. They valued the good workss of world, and those good workss and behaviours in life would subsequently be rewarded. Franklin demonstrates the thought that Deists, like his ego, lived consequently in making a list of 13 virtuousnesss in which adult male should populate by. These virtuousnesss included properties such as moderation, silence, order, and others of this kind. Franklin recorded these virtues for rather some clip, every clip he completed or failed to finish such virtuousnesss. He did this in order to chart his ability to better himself in order to be an overall better individual lending to and interacting with society ( Franklin, 11-15 ) . The belief in human nature to the Puritans took the opposite mentality than that of the Deist faith. Puritans believed that all work forces were inherently evil. They believed that all of society was born evildoers, and that if the Lord were non accepted as one s savior so he or she would be shacking in snake pit in the hereafter. This strong belief besides included babes and those with mental disablements, all because they are unable to grok God and his intent due to mental development. This deficiency of understanding made people of that kind inherently bad. In Michael Wigglesworth s verse form The Day of Doom , he illustrates the coming of the Lord on judgement twenty-four hours, and how God chooses the concluding finishs for all of world and where they will be harmonizing to God s foreordained program for all. The verse form portrays God as this intimidating, overmastering God that is at that place to reprobate all, but the really few chosen 1s God will hold reside in Eden. Wig glesworth says Before his Throne a Trump is blown, Proclaiming Thursday Day of Day: Forthwith he cries, Ye Dead arise, and unto Judgment semen ( Wigglesworth, 3 ) . These lines in Wigglesworth s verse form depict the God-fearing ways of the Puritans, and how they were in much fright of God because of their inherently bad nature. Puritans believe that this thought of human nature can non be changed, even with good workss as the Deists do, but that God created worlds with evil nature. With the inability to get the better of the wrongs of world, people must change over to a different belief as Franklin did, or simply accept the thought that the huge bulk of society was traveling to hell. Political authorization John Winthrop addresses the nature of worlds in a address he gives before the Massachusetts legislative assembly. In this address, Winthrop makes a differentiation in autonomies of world and how there are two sorts, natural and civil. The natural autonomy in which he addresses is the thought that adult male has the autonomy to make as he wishes, but that those actions may be evil because all work forces are evildoers ( Winthrop, 1 ) . Winthrop was a Puritan, and this thought was strongly Puritan based on the topic of human nature. In traveling with the thought that people were inherently bad and of evil nature in the eyes of the Puritan trusters, they besides did non believe that predestination could non be tampered with. Predestination was strongly relevant in the Puritan belief because of the bad nature of world. Because adult male was inherently evil, God must make up ones mind where in the hereafter one will partake. Good workss, spiritual devotedness, and other positive properties could non assist one from disapprobation ; nevertheless, bad behaviour and evil behaviors would be effectual. This belief seems rather contradictory, but is what the Puritans believed must be followed to populate the Christian life. Franklin did non comprehend the thought of predestination as one of truth. Deist Franklin believed in the virtuousnesss mentioned antecedently, and those were the ways in which 1 could sufficiently come in the hereafter of Eden. Good workss in Deism were recognized and noted by God, leting world to continuously better themselves and non transport the load of being unable to lift supra wickedness as the Puritans had to make. With the thought of God merely making good in the universe, this applied to the nature of human existences and that they could non hold predestination because there was ever room for adult male s betterment. Franklin and the Puritans are cogent evidence of how all worlds relate in the ways of life, but the thoughts in which they are based upon vary. Franklin allowed more room for mistakes in human nature, and did non seek out the ways of the Christian God. However, Puritans were devout in their Devout behaviours and rigorous ritualistic beliefs. All worlds interact in ways refering God and human nature, but the perceptual experiences of both greatly differ between world.

Types of Business Model for MyGiftShopper.com Essay

Types of Business Model for MyGiftShopper.com - Essay Example   Two of the business models that were accepted by the team are Freemium Business Model and Multi-Side Matching Business Model. The reasons for accepting the Freemium business model is that it would allow the company to attract as many subscribers as possible as at the beginning of the business, it would be difficult for the firm to draw too many paid subscribers. The other business model accepted is the Multi-Side Matching Business Model and the main reason that has been presented for the acceptance of the business model is that different groups of customers would be able to satisfy their needs with different merchants and the company would be able to make money through both means i.e. from customers as well as from merchants. The team not only presented logical reasoning behind acceptance of the two models, but reasonable facts and reasons were also presented regarding why the team had rejected the other two business models. The main reason for rejecting the two models is more or less the same i.e. increase the cost of the firm which would make it difficult for the firm to either attract more customers if the charges are increased or it would be difficult for the firm to make sufficient amount of profits. In the other section of market opportunity analysis, the team did the much better job as they were able to analyze how the market influences MyGiftShopper.com from a different perspective. The influence of the customers was discussed and opportunities were analyzed about the target market of the firm in a statistical way with several facts. However, in the segmentation section of the business plan, the team should have covered the types, ages, demographics, and other characteristics of the target market and how they plan to segment their customers.  

Contemporary media practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Contemporary media practices - Essay Example Inclusion in immersion indicates the way physical reality is shut out while its extensive characteristics indicate the various sensory modalities accommodated (Slater & Wilbur, 1997; Tavinor 2009, p.184). Immersion is regarded as a great experience in gaming and is considered in games, designers and researchers of games as an essential experience in interaction. The theory of immersion is perceived in many aspects but is generally employed in software when referring to the virtual reality of and games. Within the gaming context, immersion is considered to be essential because review on games indicate immersion is related to the reality of the game world or even the atmospheric sounds. Immersion is considered to have depth because the experience of immersion is essential in enjoying a game and is sustained or even destroyed by the characteristics of the game (Brown & Cairns, n.d). However, focusing on specific cases necessitates a thorough discussion with regard to the notion of immer sion that includes a player’s complete and total psychological identification with a character, immersion into the situation or story, a trance state, sharing of emotional bond with a character or even having similar reactions to events of play (Torner & White 2012, p.75). The different perceptions of meaning of immersion have generated conceptual confusion such that even observer promote simply abandoning it since what it obscures in more compared to what it reveals. Moreover, adoption of unexamined commonplace knowledge regarding the relationship between reality and game experience has been considered â€Å"immersive fallacy†. This is a way of considering the history of technologies of communications that takes it as inexorably and ideally leading to more powerful systems of simulation. Immersion’s conceptual elusiveness can be attributed to the

Study Of A Renewable Energy Of Photovoltaic System Engineering Essay

Study Of A Renewable Energy Of Photovoltaic System Engineering Essay Besides, the guidelines to Account for and Report on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals for Buildings (Commercial, Residential or Institutional Purposes) in Hong Kong 2010 Edition of EMSD and EPD report that climate change has become a challenge to the international community. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is committed to working closely with the international community in formulating measures to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Being a service economy without any major energy-intensive industries, electricity generation is the major source of GHG emissions in Hong Kong, accounting for over 60% of the total local emissions. The second largest GHG emission source is transport sector (16%), followed by waste (12%). Among various end uses of electricity, buildings account for some 89% in Hong Kong. Therefore, red ucing electricity consumption for building operations is instrumental in bringing down our GHG emissions. It will also have the co-benefits of reducing operational costs and improving the local and regional air quality. GHG emissions associated with the electricity purchased based on a territory-wide default value of 0.7kg/kWh in Hong Kong and these specific emission factors are available from the 2 nos. of electric companies (CLP The China Light Power Company Ltd. HEC The Hong Kong Electric Company Ltd.) from years 2002 to years 2007 in Hong Kong as following: Photovoltaic System More renewable energy sources may help containing fossil fuel use, thereby reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Solar energy is one of the renewable energy being widely used over the world mainly due to its clean and emission free properties. Solar energy can be used in many ways which can provide the heat energy, mechanical power and electrical power. One of the most common methods is to convert solar radiation into electricity through the use of photovoltaic (PV) technology. The sunlight will converted to electricity using photovoltaic solar cells. The photovoltaic cells are usually bundled together in panels and modules to produce the increased power. The PV panel advantages are no pollution, quiet operation and require a little maintenance. Over the past few years, photovoltaic technologies have been developed rapidly. To promote greater adoption of renewable energy technologies in Hong Kong, the Energy Efficiency Office (EEO) of the Electrical and Mechanical Services Department (EMSD) always seeks opportunity to promote the use of new renewable energy technologies. Attention is now being paid to the flexible amorphous thin-film technology in view of the increasing popularity for applications in overseas countries Renewable energy is ready to be inexhaustible, harnessed and more importantly is a clean alternative to fossil fuels. Photovoltaic System is the type of the renewable energy in Hong Kong and aim to have 1 and 2% of Hong Kongs total electricity supply met by power generated by the year 2012. The world population of 10 billion by the year 2050, the worlds fossil fuel resources will advance more depletion rapidly according to the increasing global energy demand at the world. Photovoltaic is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Photovoltaic device directly and silently convert light energy to electricity. No-post installation energy input other than the light source virtually. The sun is required normally. Materials presently used for photovoltaic include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, and cadmium telluride and copper indium gallium selenide/sulfide. Due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years. Many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built which mainly in Europe region. As of December 2011, the largest photovoltaic power plants in the world are the Golmud Solar Park (China, 200MV), Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant (Canada, 97MV), Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station  (Italy, 84.2 MW),Finsterwalde Solar Park  (Germany, 80.7 MW),  Ohotnikovo Solar Park  (Ukraine, 80  MW),  Lieberose Photovoltaic Park  (Germany, 71.8  MW),  Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant  (Italy, 70 MW),Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park  (Spain, 60  MW) and the Strasskirchen Solar Park  (Germany, 54  MW) Advantages of Photovoltaic System For the renewable energy, solar power is pollution free during use. Production end wastes and emissions are manageable using existing pollution controls. End of user recycling technologies are under development and policies are being produced that encourage recycling from producers. PV installations can operate for many years with little maintenance or intervention after their initial set up. So that, after the initial capital cost of building any solar power plant, operating costs are extremely low compared to existing power technologies. Grid-connecting solar electricity can be used locally thus reducing transmission and distribution losses. Compared to fossil and nuclear energy sources, Very little research money has been invested in the development of solar cells, so there is considerable room for improvement. Nevertheless, experimental high efficiency solar cells already have efficiencies of over 40% in case of concentrating photovoltaic cells and efficiencies are rapidly rising while mass production costs area rapidly falling. 1.5 Environmental Impact of PV System The most important feature of solar PV systems is that there are no emissions of carbon dioxide the main gas responsible for global climate change during their operation. Although indirect emissions of CO2 occur at other stages of the lifecycle, these are significantly lower than the avoided emissions. PV does not involve any other polluting emissions or the type of environmental safety concerns associated with conventional generation technologies. There is no pollution in the form of exhaust fumes or noise. Decommissioning a system is unproblematic. Although there are no CO2 emissions during operation, a small amount does result from the production stage. PV only emits 21,65 grams CO2/kWh, however, depending on the PV technology. The average emissions for thermal power in Europe, on the other hand, are 900g CO2/kWh. By substituting PV for thermal power, a saving of 835879 g/kWh is achieved. The benefit to be obtained from carbon dioxide reductions in a countrys energy mix is dependent on which other generation method, or energy use, solar power is replacing. Where off-grid systems replace diesel generators, they will achieve CO2 savings of about 1 kg per kilowatt-hour. Due to their tremendous inefficiency, the replacement of a kerosene lamp will lead to even larger savings, of up to 350 kg per year from a single 40 Wp module, equal to 25kg CO2/kWh. For consumer applications and remote industrial markets, on the other hand, it is very difficult to identify exact CO2 savings per kilowatt-hour. Recycling of PV modules is possible and raw materials can be reused. As a result, the energy input associated with PV will be further reduced. If governments adopt a wider use of PV in their national energy generation, solar power can therefore make a substantial contribution towards international commitments to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and their contribution to climate change. By 2030, according to the EPIA-Greenpeace Solar Generation Advanced Scenario, solar PV would have reduced annual global CO2 emissions by just over 1,6 billion tonnes. This reduction is equivalent to the output from 450 coal-fired power plants (average size 750 MW). Cumulative CO2 savings from solar electricity generation between 2005 and 2030 will have reached a level of 9 billion tonnes. Carbon dioxide is responsible for more than 50% of the man-made greenhouse effect, making it the most important contributor to climate change. It is produced mainly by the burning of fossil fuels. Natural gas is the most environmentally sound of the fossil fuels, because it produces roughly half as much carbon dioxide as coal, and less of other polluting gases. Nuclear power produces very little CO2, but has other major safety, security, proliferation and pollution problems associated with its operation and waste products. 1.6 Energy Payback A popular belief still persists that PV systems cannot pay back their energy investment within the expected lifetime of a solar generator about 25 years. This is because the energy expended, especially during the production of solar cells, is seen to outweigh the energy eventually generated. Data from recent studies shows, however, that present-day systems already have an energy payback time (EPBT) the time taken for power generation to compensate for the energy used in production of 1 to 3.5 years, well below their expected lifetime. With increased cell efficiency and a decrease in cell thickness, as well as optimized production procedures, it is anticipated that the EPBT for grid-connected PV will decrease further. The figure hereafter shows energy payback times for different solar cell technologies (thin film, ribbon, multicrystalline and monocrystalline) at different locations (southern and northern Europe). The energy input into a PV system is made up of a number of elements, including the frame, module assembly, cell production, ingot and wafer production and the silicon feedstock. The energy payback time for thin film systems is already less than a year in southern Europe. PV systems with monocrystalline modules in northern Europe, on the other hand, will pay back their input energy within 3.5 years. Figure Energy payback times for range of PV systems (rooftop system, irrad. 1700 resp. 1000 kWh/m2/year) 1.7 Future Markets of PV System International Energy Agency Photovoltaics Power Systems Programme (IEA PVPS) newsletter issue35, 2011/09/01, Page 6 report that The PV market continues to grow faster than expected and prospects for the future remain strong as long as policymakers encourage a stable and sustainable approach to market development. The global PV growth trend in recent years has been astonishing. In 2010, growth was higher than 100%, with capacity additions close to 17 gigawatts (GW) from 7.2 GW installed in 2009. At the start of 2011 the total installed world capacity was close to 40 GW, producing some 50 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electrical power every year. Most of that increase was due to the rapid growth of the German (7.4 GW) and Italian markets (2.3 GW), though other countries also showed significant development. However in many countries the rapid price decreases have led PV close to competitiveness. With PV system prices down in certain market segments to around à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2/ Wp ($2.8), the cost of generation of electricity from PV went down in sunny countries to less than à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬0.15/ kWh. There are few doubts about the ability of PV prices to drop significantly and bring electricity costs below 10 eurocents ($0.14) in the five coming years. Chapter 2 Literature Review This part of the thesis summaries the related work by other researchers. The focus is on those researches that the related to my own area directly which is the study of the photovoltaic system. 2.1 PV Technology Photovoltaic technology is the direct conversion of the electricity from the sun light. The first PV cells, it was only realized in year 1954 after the development of material science and manufacturing of solid state devices. Nowadays, it is extensively accepted as a good technology to generate electricity directly from sun light with minimal environment pollution and as one of the possible alternatives to fossil fuel energy sources. At photovoltaic system, it has many ways to apply the PV to obtain the solar energy. Solar electricity, year 2004, Markvart. T. report that in the development of semi-conducting devices manufacturing, it mainly consist of silicon, the development of PV cells from the by-products of semi-conductor industry lower the cost and made civil application of PV feasible. Throughout the history of development of PV, its dominating applications have long been the stand -alone applications. In a stand-alone photovoltaic system, PV is the only way and source of energy powering the electrical load. It has not other external electrical power sources. To supply for the demand when there is no sunlight such as deep in the night. The PV system has not enough sun light to transform into the electricity. It requires some kinds of energy storage such as battery, fuel cells, and water tanks and so on. These types of systems are widely used for the rural area and the faraway area which power network is not more maturity. IEA PVPS trends in photovoltaic application, survey report of selected IEA countries between 1992 and 2010, T1-20:2011 show that these stand alone photovoltaic system fell below about 4% of total world-wide photovoltaic installations. Nowadays, the dominating type of photovoltaic application is the grid connecting photovoltaic system producing the clean power for supporting the electricity grid. From year 2000 to 2010, the percentages of gird connected in the reporting countries are from about 55% to 95%. IEA PVPS T1-20:2010, percentages of grid-connected and off-grid PV power in the reporting countries. The operational principle of the grid-connecting photovoltaic system is used the cells to convert the solar radiation into electricity. When the light shines on the cell it creates an electric field across the layers, causing electricity to flow. The direct current (DC) electricity from the PV modules to alternating current (AC) with sophisticated power electronic devices and then supplies the power to the loads in conjunction with the utility grid. It services as a supplementary power source to main stream generation with fossil fuel, nuclear or other conventional means from the utility. Effectively the grid-connecting photovoltaic systems use the grid power as the storage and also the complementary source. It would supply the loads together with the gird when there is not enough from the sun, and would generate excess power into the grid when the PV system could provide more than the loads is needed. This is the fastest uptake type of PV application and became the dominant type by the end of 1999 (IEA PVPS T1-11:2002, P4). Luther et al. (2003, p.98) argued that this type of PV system will be contributing to the main-stream power production towards the reduction of CO2 emission in industrialized countries. Hence the course of change in PV application indicates a development of its role in supplying power to remote areas where no other means of electricity could be easily available and then to supporting the modern society in reducing the adverse effect of burning fossil fuels. The grid-connecting photovoltaic system is the most popular type of solar PV system for homes and businesses in developed areas. Connection to the local electricity network allows any excess power produced to feed the electricity grid and to sell it to the utility. Electricity is then imported from the network when there is no sun.   An inverter is used to convert the direct current power produced by the system to alternative power for running normal electrical equipment. 2.1.1 Grid-Connected Domestic Systems This is the most popular type of solar PV system for homes and businesses in developed areas. Connection to the local electricity network allows any excess power produced to feed the electricity grid and to sell it to the utility. Electricity is then imported from the network when there is no sun.   An inverter is used to convert the direct current power produced by the system to alternative power for running normal electrical equipment 2.1.2 Grid-Connected Power Plants These systems are also grid-connected, produce a large quantity of photovoltaic electricity in a single point. The size of these plants range is from several hundred kilowatts to several megawatts. Some of these applications are located on large industrial buildings such as airport terminals or railways stations. This type of large application makes use of already available space and compensates a part of the electricity produced by these energy-intensive consumers. 2.2 Crystalline Silicon Crystalline Silicon is the most mature photovoltaic industry technology. It has been developed since the 1950s which had the relatively high conversion efficiency of about 11% to 15% at Standard Test Conditions. Standard Test Conditions (STC) is the convention adopted by the photovoltaic industry benchmark for the performance of a PV cell under the particular testing circumstances. This way of characterization of PV modules has its limitations. Crystalline silicon is still dominating the PV market and is expected to do so for the near future. Meanwhile, in its crystalline form, pure silicon has a grey color and a metallic luster. Like a germanium, silicon is rather strong, very brittle and prone to chipping. The crystal structure of the silicon is resembles the diamond cubic crystal structure. The structure is very stable and less susceptible to degradation due to the heat and light. It also used in a high efficiency photovoltaic applications. In terms of charge conduction, silicon i s an intrinsic semiconductor which means that unlike metals it conducts electron holes and electrons which may be released from atoms within the crystal by heat and thus increase silicons electrical conductance with higher temperatures. This particular property enables crystalline silicon PV to last for over 20 years and remain functional. Some of the PV manufactures are offering the warranty of over 20 years. Crystalline silicon can subdivided into 2 types. It is mono-crystalline silicon (m-Si) and poly-crystalline silicon (p-Si). On the mono-crystalline silicon, it is the earliest commercialized technology for applications. It requires the high energy input to produce the raw materials for m-Si cell by single crystal growth. A less energy demanding casting procedure of Silicon crystal was therefore developed to lower the production cost. IEA PVPS trends in photovoltaic application, survey report of selected IEA countries between 1992 and 2010, T1-20:2011 show that due to its lower module price, the p-Si of photovoltaic system is becoming popular gradually. These two manufacturing technologies dominate the market of PV system and in year 2003 accounted for over 85% market share. The thickness of crystalline silicon PV cells is from 0.13mm to 0.3mm. It needs the suitable protection for the relevant mechanical reason. So, to provide the relevant mechanical protection, the most common method of the PV modules for crystalline Si is the cells embedded in the glass layers. This enables a natural integration with building since glass is one of the most widely deployed building materials. The manufacture process of the Crystalline Silicon photovoltaic cell (Picture from EPIA European Photovoltaic Industry Association) 2.3 Amorphous Silicon Amorphous is the term describing the characteristics of silicon atoms grouped together forming the PV cell. The amorphous literally means formless. The structure contrasts with its crystalline counterpart which is much more stable and high efficiency. One of the main reasons for developing amorphous silicon (a-Si) PV technology is the lower production cost. The lower production cost is brought about by the lower energy input for the deposition of silicon layer onto the substrate instead of high temperature crystal formation (Luther et al., 2003, p55) and the significantly less amount of silicon required for the cell production (Deng and Schiff, 2003, p.508). The thickness of silicon coating on the substrate is usually in the range of about 0.001mm. That is less than one-hundredth of that of crystalline silicon PV cells. The significant decrease in raw material used enable a-Si module to be sold at a much lower price per unit area than that of crystalline silicon modules especially at the time of ever increasing price of silicon due to the competition between manufacturing of computer chips and PV modules. In its amorphous state, the photo-electric property of silicon is subjected to light-induced degradation. The effect was reported by Staebler and Wronski, therefore known as the Stabler-Wronski effect (Goetzberger and Hoffmann, 2005, p.60). After an initial degradation of about 10% 20% decrease in conversion efficiency, the electrical properties of the a-Si cells will be stabilized. It is now a common practice for the manufacturers to publish the stabilized efficiency. The stabilized STC efficiencies of commercial a-Si PV modules are around 4% 8%. In order to improve the conversion efficiency of the a-Si modules, some manufacturers stack layers of Si depositions to capture more photons. Although with lower efficiency, a-Si PV cells are widely applied in indoor applications for small electronic appliances attributing to its better response to weak light. It is the third most widespread type of PV technology after crystalline silicon the a-Si has been used as a photovoltaic solar cel l material for devices which require very little power such as pocket calculators and toys. Since the thin layer of a-Si can be deposited onto various types of substrate. This enables the form of PV modules made of a-Si having a much greater variety. Furthermore, silicon in its amorphous form does not have the limitations of thickness or mechanical strength as in crystalline form. These special properties facilitate its application in a flexible form. This is very suitable for producing PV modules for building applications. Together with its performance being less affected by the heat built up in the modules, it can be a good candidate for applications in hot climates. The a-Si PV modules area commercially available for installation onto the roofs of buildings either applied onto the finished roof or integrated into the roof covering. The advantage over traditional PV panels is that they are very low in weight. It is not subject to wind lifting and can be walked on. The comparable disadvantages are increased cost and reduced efficiency. Flexible a-Si PV modules can made as roofing material 2.4 Other Thin-Film Technologies Thin-film is the general term for PV cells produced other than those thick layers of crystalline silicon. Amorphous silicon is the earliest commercialize thin-film technology. Its development was mainly from the drive to lower production costs by using significantly less rea material and energy input during the manufacturing process. Other new comers comprise Copper Indium Diselenide (CIS), Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) and so on. In 1975, a Copper Indium Diselenide (CIS) cell of 12% efficiency was successfully demonstrated at the USAs Bell Labs and work at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) developed the technology under the US department of Energys thin film program during the 1980s, consolidating the technologys promise (Zweibel, 1990, pp.161-180). Due to the collapse of research funding in the US it was almost another 10 years before Siemens Solar Industries (SSI) produced the first commercially CIS modules in late 1990s. A family of similar compounds has also been developed such as CuInSe2, CuGaSe2, CuInS2, Cu2 and so on. the coating of thin film CIS onto substrate was found to be more flexible and easily manipulated (Goetzberger and Hoffmann, 2005, p.65). Therefore CIS is the major material used within this family of compounds. Similar to a-Si, CIS can be coated into many types of substrate. The choices of CIS modules are wider. For example, flexible CIS modules and modules on polymer back sheets can be found on the PV market. However, due to the rapidly evolving technology, the manufacturing process and even the compound used for CIS modules are ever changing. Second generation CIS modules was reported by Palm et al. (2004) and more development is imminent. With the flexibility in manufacturing the modules, CIS can be one of the candidates for building integration. These can further be divided into ordinary Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system and Photovoltaic (PV) systems and the solar cells in the market can be classified into two main categories: Crystalline Silicon Cells and Thin-Film Cells. PV cells are generally made either from crystalline silicon, sliced from ingots or castings, from grown ribbons or thin film, deposited in thin layers on a low-cost backing. The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of its efficiency at turning sunlight into electricity. A typical commercial solar cell has an efficiency of 15% about one-sixth of the sunlight striking the cell generates electricity. Improving solar cell efficiencies while holding down the cost per cell is an important goal of the PV industry. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) has a similar long history in the whole group of thin-film PV modules. Due to its tolerance to defects and grain boundaries, simple and easy to handle deposition process is possible for this material (Luther et al. 2003, p.70). Technology wise this type of material should have been booming. The major hurdle now is the market acceptance since both Cadmium and Telluride are toxic materials although CdTe itself is stable and harmless to the environment. Furthermore, different countries have different regulations regarding Cadmium containing materials (Deb, 2002). This uncertainty might increase the risk factor in investing production plant for CdTe and BP Solar was reported to have closed their CdTe plant (Luther et al. 2003, p.72). Synergising with the technology advancement in device handling and manufacturing process in semi-conductor industry, there are emerging technologies for thin film PV cell (Sopori, 2003, p.308). These include crystalline silicon thin film (m-SiTF), micro-crystalline silicon (ÃŽÂ ¼m-Si) and so on. However, they are still new technology and even not yet commercialized. Due to the longer history of development, crystalline silicon PV modules are still the more common to apply for the building envelope nowadays. But due to the PV modules brittleness, it have to be well protected by the glass layer and backing. It is this intrinsic nature of crystalline silicon that determines the formation and hence limits its applications on buildings. On the other hand, the thin film photovoltaic technology can be applied on many more substrate and the flexible film modules are available for thin film besides glass-glass modules and glass film modules that are common in crystalline silicon technology. The different size, form, material used can apply to the different building design. Hence, the applications of thin film photovoltaic modules are better than the crystalline silicon nowadays. 2.5 Electrical Characteristics and Performance PV modules can serve as the building envelope to keep out the weather and control heat gain. To analysis the electrical performance of a PV module, both the instantaneous power output and the energy yield over the time period under investigation has been considered. Instantaneous power has been normalized to per unit power under Standard Test Condition (STC) for easy comparison between different types of technology. Each PV panel is rated under industrial STC of solar irradiance of 1,000W/m2 with zero angle of incidence, solar spectrum of 1.5 air mass and 25à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ cell temperature. Electrical characteristics from manufacturers include maximum rated power, open circuit voltage, short circuit current, maximum power voltage, maximum power current and the temperature coefficients .Also, the energy yield has been normalized in a similar manner. The methodology of evaluation of performance has been based on the Standard IEC 61724 (1998). 2.6 Photovoltaic Simulation In the photovoltaic system simulation, the prediction of the PV module performance is the core part of the simulator. Normally, the modeling is based on the physical characteristics of the photo electric effect at the semi-conductor. The simulation is calculated the photo-current generated by a certain amount of the irradiance at the surface of the semi-conductor at specific physical conditions. Nowadays, the most of the commercial photovoltaic system simulation programs is the temporal series of data being simulated such as RETSCREEN, PVPSYST, PVSOL, PV-Design Pro, Hybird2 HOMER and so on. 2.6.1 RETSCREEN The RETScreen software is a program developed by Natural Resources Canada for evaluating both financial and environmental costs and benefits for many different renewable energy technologies. RETScreen has a specific Photovoltaic Project Model that can model PV array performance for many locations around the worldncludes a climatic database including average measurements for 4700 ground stations, compiled from over 20 different sources, and covering the period 1961-1990. These data are presented as a unique coherent database, and present numerous parameters including Irradiation, air temperature and wind velocities. 2.6.2 PVSYST PVsyst software has been developed at the University of Geneva in Switzwerland. This is an excellent package for design and analysis of a solar photovoltaic system. It is widely used due to the many parameters available for the user to modify. This software is oriented towards architects, engineers, researchers and holds very helpful tools for education. Both stand-alone and grid-connected PV as well as solar water pumping system could be designed by using PVsyst. 2.6.3 PVSOL The PVSol program is photovoltaic system analysis software developed by Valentin Energy Software in Germany with an English language version distributed by the Solar Design Company based in the UK. The first version of PVSol was released in 1998. 2.6.4 PV-Design Pro PVDesignPro software is a commercially available software model developed by the Maui Solar Energy Software Corporation (MSESC) and SNL for photovoltaic systems modeling. The software incorporates algorithms from both of SNLs PV array and inverter performance models as well as SNLs database of PV module and inverter parameters. NIST uses a custom version of PVDesignPro for comparing different PV technologies and predicting PV module performance for BIPV applications. The program uses an hourly time-step for modeling system performance. 2.6.5 Hybird2 Hybrid2 is described as a probabilistic time series computer model for evaluating the performance and economics of hybrid electricity generating systems. It was developed by the Renewable Energy Research Laboratory (RERL) at the University of Massachusetts Amherst with support from NREL. This program is an engineering design model for hybrid systems consisting of PV, wind, generators and battery storage for both on-grid and off-grid systems 2.5.6 HOMER HOMER is a hybrid system model developed at NREL in 1993 for both on-grid and offgrid systems. A unique capability that HOMER offers is the ability to find the optimal configuration based on price estimates as well as perform sensitivity analysis to help understand tradeoffs between different technologies and economic considerations. The software has the ability to compare multiple system configurations as well as different battery types. HOMER uses the KiBaM code for battery life modeling as described below in Section 4.2.1. The model can incorporate the following componen

Moni Lisa Smile Andralogical Model

Movie â€Å"Moni Lisa Smiles† Related to Andragogical Style of Teaching The movie begins with Katherine Watson (Julia Roberts), in 1953, accepting an art history teaching position at the prestigious New England school for women. She is a liberal and a feminist who was inspired to come to Wellesley to â€Å"make a difference†. After a semester of teaching a progressive, less traditional teaching style, she is given conditions by the alumni that, if she is to stay at Wellesley, she will teach the outlined syllabus and submit her lessons plans for prior approval.This demonstrated the hard core traditional style view that governed Wellesley’s educators. The students were expected to memorize the textbook. The administrator made the statement, â€Å"You didn’t come to Wellesley to help people find their way; you came to help people find your way. † To compare the behavior of the students in the film, I’ll start on the first day of class; the stude nts embarrass Ms. Watson, the teacher, in front of the class evaluator by knowing everything she had prepared. The character, or teacher, seemed to demonstrate two different educational or behavioral positions.At the end of the movie, you find numerous assumptions of the andragogical model. Ms. Watson appeared as a feminist who refused to fall under the traditional educational objectives or educational theories. Therefore, she changes her educational model or theory to the andragogical style of teaching. This was a change from the beginning of the movie when she first entered the classroom with the traditional power point. Thus according to Knowles (2011), she originally followed the pedagogical model. This model is clearly defined in The Adult Learner written by Knowles, Holton, and Swanson, 2011.It explains the pedagogical model assigns the teacher full responsibility for making all decisions about what will be learned, how it will be learned, when it will be learned, and if it ha s to be learned (2011, p. 60). This is the style of teaching the administrative staff at Wellesley believed to be the best. Historically this model has been found to be less effective than the andragogical style for adult learners who have specific educational needs. The assumption that the andragogical model is based on includes: (Knowles, 2011 p. 63-67) Principals of teaching 🙠 Knowles, 2011 p. 63-67) . The learner’s need to know. -The first task of Watson was to help the students become aware of the need to know by making or demonstrating an intellectual case for the value of learning by giving them the potential tools, thus improving the quality of their lives. As an educator her goal was to help them discover the gaps between where they were and where they wanted to be. She demonstrated that there is much more to art that memorizing a textbook. This was demonstrated best in the movie when she talked to Joan about pursuing law school and seeking a career. 2. The l earner’s self-concept. Educator Watson was fully aware the girls had arrived at the self-concept that they were more than capable of reading the book and memorizing the information as they had been previously taught in the past. Educator Watson was approached with resentment and resistance by the girls demonstrating they had previously read the text. The attitude was, â€Å"We know this so just let us go out in smoke and socialize. † Watson was on top of the situation by coming to the second class introducing new thought stimulating ideas; she utilized a power point presentation that included a picture of Soutine’s â€Å"Carcass. She presented several other power points of art not found in the text and challenged the students to transition from being dependent learners, to think outside the box, transitioning and becoming self-directing learners. She also challenged them to become more than the traditional art students. Katherine tries to get the students to ex plore ideas by a metaphorical demonstration in the paint-by-numbers of the Van Gough painting ‘Sunflowers’, in which the whole class in this scene paints their own painting individually. 3. The role of the learner’s experiences. Educator Watson took teaching to another level by utilizing different learning strategies. She loved group discussions, problem solving and simulation exercises. She taught the importance of art related to individual expression and the students demonstrated their knowledge of this by each painting their own sunflower portrait. This was a demonstration of the role of the learner’s experience. With this example, she opened their minds to new approaches, encouraged expression of values, sensitivity training, and mediation through self-expression of art.She took them to her place where she had a collection of various artists that included modern to historical portraits. 4. The readiness to learn. -Ms. Watson’s new andragogical a pproach and thought provoking ideas stimulated a readiness to learn that changed from the original attitude in the first class. The girls with high expectations and obvious intellectual history became excited and ready to learn. The new approaches used by Watson changed the attitude toward the non-ivy league teacher. She encouraged them to use their experiences and valued their ideas and accepted them as people. . The orientation to learning. -Watson’s education style included real-life situations, and she taught them how art could help them to deal with problems. She used her personal history and collection to explain the importance of expression. She challenged their minds to analyze paintings and to paint for pleasure and therapeutic and social interactions. Watson wins them over when she introduces paintings not in the text, encouraging thought provoking ideas that really stimulated the minds of these students. . The motivation to learn. -Watson was an excellent motivator in the film. She never let the girls think for once that just memorization of a book was acceptable. She encouraged learning to go above the ideas of tradition. (Again; with the example of Soutine’s â€Å"Carcass† and more†¦) She motivated them to keep learning and encouraged them to be career oriented. Several times she told the students that they could be the housewife of their dreams, but to look at further education to fulfill their career dreams.When you look at the movie and the leading students, you realize at first they refuse to go along with the free thinking ideas and they think the textbook contains everything they need to know. Katherine is appalled at the fact that they actually think of their education as a way to pass their time until they are married. The behavior of three main students include: Giselle Levy (Maggie Gyllenhaal), the student that in the beginning of the movie abruptly spoke out and said, â€Å"We’re a far cry from Oakland, † in a snotty tone. She appeared to represent the class attitude.She appears to also be the most self-destructive of the students and does not seem to confront Watson’s ideas like the other two. She displayed a characteristic most would look at as being promiscuous; the film displayed her behavior as being the most feminist and she was exhibited as a student who liked to control men with her body, leading you to believe she traded sex for favors and sometimes just plain fun. The second student, Elizabeth (‘Betty’) Warren (Kirsten Dunst), whose mother is the head of the alumni, heads up the editorials for the school newspaper.Her viscous description of Ms. Watson’s roommate gets her fired. She is a malicious gossip that utilized her editorials like a knife to publicly downgrade others and doesn’t agree with Watson’s feminist ideas. This conflict of ideas is presented during the movie; they had many heated discussions. Betty strongly beli eved in the popular cultural idea that the woman’s place was in the home. Wellesley College, a prestigious New England women’s school, expected you to memorize course contents much like the pedagogical model or theory of adult model of learning.The women of that day attended prestigious schools expecting to prepare to become superb mothers, with the ultimate goal to take care of their husbands, only the elite males, and be home to care for the children. The third actor is Joan Brandwyn (Julia Stiles), who appears to be very open to the suggestion of Watson to pursue her dreams of attending law school. She struggles with the societal expectations of a woman in the 1950’s, to marry and have children, which were glorified as the ultimate prestigious goal.She is actually given a C on an assignment and goes to visit Ms. Watson when she is asked, â€Å"What is your plan after graduating? † â€Å"Just for fun,† questioned Watson, â€Å"if you could go to any law school in the country, which school would it be? † Joan told her Yale and explained Yale leaves five slots open for women and one of those five slots is for a Wellesley girl. Watson gets her an application, which she submits, and to her amazement she is accepted. She makes the decision in the movie to get married, and Ms.Watson continues to educate her that she can do both and ultimately gives her a plan on how she can be married and go to school. Watson pushes her students not to settle for the lifestyle of a housewife, but have career oriented goals. To analyze the role of the teacher promoting the conditions of learning, according to Knowles, is to look at the learning environment, not only the physical environment, but the mutual trust, respect, helpfulness, including freedom of expression and the acceptance of differences (2011, p. 92-93).The students must perceive the goals of the learning experience as their own goals. Educator Watson developed mutual trust and respect with the students. She demonstrated this in the movie when they decided they wanted her to be included in a social event. At the girls’ social, she was encouraged to drink alcoholic beverages and answer personal questions about her private affairs with men. She was open, honest and interacted with them, building a trust and demonstrating and expressing her commitment to teaching â€Å"to make a difference†.She again encouraged education to be a career building tool and iterated the goals of learning needed to be their career goals. She encouraged planning and commitment toward these goals in the movie, especially in one example where she actually got an application for Betty to Yale law school. According to our text, in review of the theories applied, Malcolm Knowles first introduced the andragogy concept or theory as an honest attempt to focus on the learner (2011 p. 2). The strength of andragogy is the fact that its six core adult learning principles can app ly to all learning situations (2011 p. ). It is a transactional model that enables those designing and conducting learning to build more effective learning processes (Knowles, 2011 p. 2). Knowles iterates the andragogy concept, when applied properly, will do everything possible to ensure the learner takes part in their learning process. This theory is best for the adult learner as their needs and capacity to learn are fully developed. We can utilize our experience and the fact that we have become responsible workers and learners.The pedagogical model assigns to the teacher the full responsibility for making all decision about what will be learned, how, and when it will be learned (Knowles 2011 p. 60). This model leaves to the learner the submissive role of following instructions and memorization. The characteristics of the prestigious Wellesley College for woman in 1953 included a satirical review of stuffy attitudes of the alumni and administration. They had rigid rules and goals f or the students. At the top of the list was getting married and college was just a place to go until that happened.Furthermore, Katherine Watson, a feminist teacher from California, whose unconventional adult teaching style was acquired from Berkeley, was shocked to learn that students viewed their education as a prerequisite for getting married. The progressive thinking taught in California was not accepted well by the staff at Wellesley. The new teachers’ class is hit and the students’ enrollment in her class increased, but the strict rules and guidelines put in place by Wellesley were not easy to swallow by Katherine who came to â€Å"make a difference. † It was obvious the institution and the educator were in conflict.At the close of the movie, Katherine decides to leave and go to Europe. Betty dedicates an editorial to her teacher claiming that Katherine is â€Å"an extraordinary woman who lived by example and compelled us all to see the world through new eyes. † As the movie ends, the students follow the taxi Katherine is in on their bicycles. Betty seems to be struggling and peddling the hardest as if to thank her for changing her life. If I was in the educational environment in the movie, I would promote learning by utilizing the framework of the six principals displayed by Knowles.The first step in acceptance of administration is to make them an active part of decision making when her new syllabus was created. As the teacher, I would empower administration with Knowles ideas and let them see my new ideas through his ideas and history. They certainly seem to feel that they must have the upper hand and make decisions and this would give the control feature they appear to need. Historically Knowles has proven himself. In the 1950’s he was the Executive Director of the Adult Education Association of the United States of America (Smith, 2002 p. 1-13).He had already published his first textbook that was a guide for educato rs and this textbook was followed by many more. If administration wanted to stay the prestigious college of the nation, they would realize it was time for change. According to the article by Smith, Knowles was responsible for a number of important ‘firsts’; he was the first to chart the rise of the adult education movement in the United States, the first to develop a statement of informal adult education practice, the first to develop a statement of informal adult education practice, and the first to attempt a comprehensive theory of adult education via the notion of andragogy) (Jarvis, 1987 p. 185). I firmly believe the administrative staff may need some education and redirection. After all, they are one of the most prestigious schools in the nation. I cannot see administration accepting to follow a less than the best for their girls, wives and future mothers. I am sure it would take patience and persistence. But if you look at the principles listed above and included the administration and persistently made them aware of the need to change to keep up with the ‘educational political hierarchy’ you would slowly ‘make a difference’.Empowerment often promotes change and Knowles was the leader in adult education of the 1950’s. When you review this film and similar films, it helps you comprehend the contemporary and historic constraints imposed on teachers and the contexts of dealing with alumni and administration. I had never really thought about the politics and social involvement of schools and teachers in the past and I can see what a dilemma it could create. I loved the movie and watched it more than once. I plan to purchase it to use for future educational reference.I can see that schools are sites of politics and culture, but as educators we must provoke the expression of students’ future identities and possibilities. References Knowles, M. S. , Holton, E. F. , & Swanson, R. A. , (2011). The adult learner . (7th ed. ). Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc. (Part I, Chapters 1-6). Smith, M. K. (2002) Malcolm Knowles, informal adult education, self-direction and andragogy’, The encyclopedia of informal education, Retrieved from: www. infed. org/thinkers/et-knowl. htm. Image Source Page: http://web. utk. edu/~start6/knowles/malcolm_knowles. html

The Glass Menagerie

A persons life isn’t always what it’s expected to be. Every ones lives tell a completely different story, whether it’s sad or it’s joyful. Tennessee Williams shows a great example of three peoples lives in his play â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†. In The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams uses several different themes throughout the play, including control in Amanda, Laura and Tom’s lives. Laura is one of the characters that gets a lot of control in her life, by her mother Amanda. â€Å"We have to be making some plans and previsions for her. She’s older than you. † (Williams 763) Amanda is the one speaking in the quote above, she is speaking to Tom. Amanda is saying that they need to be making plans and changes in Laura’s life. She technically wants to control Laura’s life. Amanda is the mother of Tom and Laura but she tries to control everything they do. Amanda is the controller of her son and daughter, Tom and Laura. She either controls what they do or tries to control their future. â€Å"†¦ it would be nice for your sister if you brought home some nice young man from the warehouse†¦ (756) Amanda says that to Tom. â€Å"Laura, are you going to do what I asked you to , or do i have to get dressed and go out myself? † Amanda says this to Laura. As you can tell Amanda is very bossy, she wants Tom to get Laura a nice young man from the warehouse and commands Laura to go somewhere for her. Laura usually does what her mother says but Tom sometimes yells back her and makes a big ar gument start. On the other hand Tom gets controlled by his mother, Amanda, but he tries to defend himself. Whenever Tom and Amanda argue Tom tries to defend himself by talking back to her, for example, â€Å"House, house! Who pays the rent on it, who makes himself a slave to-† (759) Tom is complaining to Amanda how he is the one who pays the rent when she is trying to accuse him for doing nothing. In every argument that they have, Tom doesn’t let it go, he keeps it going. Williams had several different themes in The glass Menagerie. Control was one that stood out to me. Obviously Amanda was the overall controller. She tried to control Laura and Toms lives. â€Å"You smoke too much. A pack a day at fifteen cents a pack, how much would that amount add up to in a month? † (764) Amanda tries to control Toms smoking habits, but he’s a grown man and he decided to smoke and she has to deal with it now. She is not always going to have control over him or even Laura’s life. When i read this play, i could kind of relater to Laura’s life. Control is also in my life, from my parent. They simply want me to have a better life, sort of like Laura in the play. â€Å"I want you to be someone in life and want you to have a career that you enjoy doing. (My parents) My parents don’t want me to end up working at a fast food restaurant for the rest of my life, they want me to continue my education so i can end up with a career that will pay me the big bucks. I’m pretty sure anyone has some kind of control in their lives. Control was one of the themes that Tennessee Williams used in The Glass Menagerie. Control in this play is important becau se it is one of the main themes, and shows how peoples lives can be when we might think it’s the total opposite. The Glass Menagerie A persons life isn’t always what it’s expected to be. Every ones lives tell a completely different story, whether it’s sad or it’s joyful. Tennessee Williams shows a great example of three peoples lives in his play â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†. In The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams uses several different themes throughout the play, including control in Amanda, Laura and Tom’s lives. Laura is one of the characters that gets a lot of control in her life, by her mother Amanda. â€Å"We have to be making some plans and previsions for her. She’s older than you. † (Williams 763) Amanda is the one speaking in the quote above, she is speaking to Tom. Amanda is saying that they need to be making plans and changes in Laura’s life. She technically wants to control Laura’s life. Amanda is the mother of Tom and Laura but she tries to control everything they do. Amanda is the controller of her son and daughter, Tom and Laura. She either controls what they do or tries to control their future. â€Å"†¦ it would be nice for your sister if you brought home some nice young man from the warehouse†¦ (756) Amanda says that to Tom. â€Å"Laura, are you going to do what I asked you to , or do i have to get dressed and go out myself? † Amanda says this to Laura. As you can tell Amanda is very bossy, she wants Tom to get Laura a nice young man from the warehouse and commands Laura to go somewhere for her. Laura usually does what her mother says but Tom sometimes yells back her and makes a big ar gument start. On the other hand Tom gets controlled by his mother, Amanda, but he tries to defend himself. Whenever Tom and Amanda argue Tom tries to defend himself by talking back to her, for example, â€Å"House, house! Who pays the rent on it, who makes himself a slave to-† (759) Tom is complaining to Amanda how he is the one who pays the rent when she is trying to accuse him for doing nothing. In every argument that they have, Tom doesn’t let it go, he keeps it going. Williams had several different themes in The glass Menagerie. Control was one that stood out to me. Obviously Amanda was the overall controller. She tried to control Laura and Toms lives. â€Å"You smoke too much. A pack a day at fifteen cents a pack, how much would that amount add up to in a month? † (764) Amanda tries to control Toms smoking habits, but he’s a grown man and he decided to smoke and she has to deal with it now. She is not always going to have control over him or even Laura’s life. When i read this play, i could kind of relater to Laura’s life. Control is also in my life, from my parent. They simply want me to have a better life, sort of like Laura in the play. â€Å"I want you to be someone in life and want you to have a career that you enjoy doing. (My parents) My parents don’t want me to end up working at a fast food restaurant for the rest of my life, they want me to continue my education so i can end up with a career that will pay me the big bucks. I’m pretty sure anyone has some kind of control in their lives. Control was one of the themes that Tennessee Williams used in The Glass Menagerie. Control in this play is important becau se it is one of the main themes, and shows how peoples lives can be when we might think it’s the total opposite.

Meets Technical Criteria - Low Bid - 2206 Words

Meets technical criteria – Low bid Price is the most important criterion in this award algorithm. The final decision on the award of the contract is based on price. Technical proposals are evaluated well before reviewing any cost proposals. The technical proposal is reviewed on a pass/fail basis typically. State DOT can also choose direct point scoring or adjectival ratings for the purpose of evaluation. In this case, RFP should mention the minimum score required for the proposal to be considered responsive (GDOT 2012). Technical proposals which meet the minimum proposed requirements are then taken forward and their price proposals for those are opened. The contract is then awarded to the proposer with the lowest price. This algorithm is†¦show more content†¦The project is awarded to the bidder with the highest adjusted score. When the owners’ requirements and expectations can be clearly defined and a number of alternatives are present to fulfil those expectations, an adjusted score algorithm can be us ed (GDOT 2012). Weighted Criteria The weighted criteria algorithm can be more complex to implement and it allows greater flexibility in determining the relative importance of price against other evaluation criteria. Owners can control the relationship between the mathematical outcome and the project requirements with the help of this algorithm (FHWA 2006). The weighted criteria algorithm allows the owner to allocate more weight to an element that is important to achieve project goals (eg. Price on budget sensitive projects). The technical proposal and the price proposal are evaluated individually in this award algorithm. The technical evaluation factors and the price will be assigned weights depending on their importance. The total score of the proposal is calculated by the sum of these evaluations and the project is awarded to the proposal with the highest score. Quantitative cost – technical tradeoff Technical proposals and the price proposals are scored in increments and then the difference between these incremental advantages is observed. The highest technical score is divided by the next highest technical score and one is subtracted from it and